Discovery of β-Arrestin–Biased Dopamine D2 Ligands for Probing Signal Transduction Pathways Essential for Antipsychotic Efficacy

JA Allen, JM Yost, V Setola, X Chen… - Proceedings of the …, 2011 - National Acad Sciences
JA Allen, JM Yost, V Setola, X Chen, MF Sassano, M Chen, S Peterson, PN Yadav, X Huang
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011National Acad Sciences
Elucidating the key signal transduction pathways essential for both antipsychotic efficacy
and side-effect profiles is essential for developing safer and more effective therapies. Recent
work has highlighted noncanonical modes of dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) signaling via β-
arrestins as being important for the therapeutic actions of both antipsychotic and antimanic
agents. We thus sought to create unique D2R agonists that display signaling bias via β-
arrestin–ergic signaling. Through a robust diversity-oriented modification of the scaffold …
Elucidating the key signal transduction pathways essential for both antipsychotic efficacy and side-effect profiles is essential for developing safer and more effective therapies. Recent work has highlighted noncanonical modes of dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) signaling via β-arrestins as being important for the therapeutic actions of both antipsychotic and antimanic agents. We thus sought to create unique D2R agonists that display signaling bias via β-arrestin–ergic signaling. Through a robust diversity-oriented modification of the scaffold represented by aripiprazole (1), we discovered UNC9975 (2), UNC0006 (3), and UNC9994 (4) as unprecedented β-arrestin–biased D2R ligands. These compounds also represent unprecedented β-arrestin–biased ligands for a Gi-coupled G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR). Significantly, UNC9975, UNC0006, and UNC9994 are simultaneously antagonists of Gi-regulated cAMP production and partial agonists for D2R/β-arrestin-2 interactions. Importantly, UNC9975 displayed potent antipsychotic-like activity without inducing motoric side effects in inbred C57BL/6 mice in vivo. Genetic deletion of β-arrestin-2 simultaneously attenuated the antipsychotic actions of UNC9975 and transformed it into a typical antipsychotic drug with a high propensity to induce catalepsy. Similarly, the antipsychotic-like activity displayed by UNC9994, an extremely β-arrestin–biased D2R agonist, in wild-type mice was completely abolished in β-arrestin-2 knockout mice. Taken together, our results suggest that β-arrestin signaling and recruitment can be simultaneously a significant contributor to antipsychotic efficacy and protective against motoric side effects. These functionally selective, β-arrestin–biased D2R ligands represent valuable chemical probes for further investigations of D2R signaling in health and disease.
National Acad Sciences